Challenges Faced By The Third Phase Of Globalization Essay

Question 2: What are the main challenges faced by managers in what has been called the â€Å"third Phase of globalization†? Introduction: The question asked for the challenges faced by managers in the â€Å"third phase of globalization.† The key words for this question is the â€Å"third phase of globalization.† Therefore, when we begin to find the challenges that managers would be faced. We need to understand the meaning of globalization, and what the third phase is. According to the book â€Å"culture in the age of three worlds† (2004), it mentioned that with its various kin transnational, postmodern, and postcolonial â€Å"globalization† displaced â€Å"international†, the key word of an earlier moment, which had modified not only such grand capitalist forces as International Business Machines (IBM) and International Tele nationals of the world working class. As the skeptics remind us, globalization is not new, but is a long-term tendency of capitalism. Main body: After we understand the meaning of globalization, we need to figure out what is the phase of globalization, especially the third phase of globalization. According to Friedman (2006), he mentioned that, there have been three great ears of globalization. The first lasted from 1492-when Columbus set sail, opening trade between the Old World and the New World-until around 1800.1 would call this era Globalization 1.0. During the Globalization 1.0, the countries and governments were influenced by religions and Empire hegemonies, they usedShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Globalization Of Poverty And The New World Order1377 Words   |  6 Pages The Globalization of Poverty Page 1 of 9 and the New World Order: Book Review The Globalization of Poverty and The New World Order by Michel Chossudovsky Sydney Pothakos St. #: 8666099 November 8th 2016 Professor Ivaylo Grouev POL1102 The Globalization of Poverty Page 2 of 9 and the New World Order: Book Review Globalization is a vicious cycle that chases itself exponentially as time progresses. Distinguishing between whether or not globalization is a beneficial phenomenon or a destructiveRead MoreGE Two Decade Transformation1737 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Case 1: GE’s Two Decade Transformation: Jack Welch’s Leadership-HBS # 9-399-150 1. How difficult a challenge did Welch face in 1981? How effectively did he take charge? Jack Welch became the CEO of GE back in April of 1981 when the economy was in a recession. He faced the highest unemployment rate during that time due to the high interest rates during the depression. Several other challenges came along with this position from the increase in competition and also being overshadowed by a longtimeRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Business Management Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesBUS 1101: PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT The Impact of Management in Globalization of Business. Globalization is the process in which a business or organization start operating on an international scale. The effects of Globalization have created an immediate change in Business Management. As stated by the website www.ukessays.co.uk â€Å"Globalization on Business Management is interconnection of international markets managing business in a global industry. This includes foreign investments whereRead MoreThe Dominican Republic : A Deep Rooted History With The Country Of Haiti1615 Words   |  7 PagesOdlenika Joseph Professor Sharon Placide Global Society 22 November 2016 Semester Project Phase 3 – Final Paper The Dominican Republic (D.R.) has a deep-rooted history with the country of Haiti. This makes sense since they share the same Island. Yet, the culture, cuisine, and native languages are different and unique from one another. I was born in Haiti and spent a majority of my life living there until I immigrated to the United States with my parents. Although I have never been in the D.R. IRead MoreHaier Case Study1222 Words   |  5 Pagesworld compared to these international appliance giants. The Market Place – Environmental Analysis The transformations in the world marketplace have been extensive and, in many cases, rapid. Integrated global markets contested by global players challenge local industries operating in protected national economies. National borders are becoming increasingly irrelevant as liberalization and privatization take place. This has led to such phenomena as the growing scale and mobility of the world’s capitalRead MoreRomania’s Post Communism Accounting Practices and the Effects of Adapting Ifrs for Smes1725 Words   |  7 Pagespaper discusses three major accounting practice conversions made in Romania post communism. Included in this paper are comparisons of previous practices and the implications presented within each practice; along with the pros and cons and many challenges that are associated with the adaptation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for small and medium-sized entities (SMEs). â€Æ' Romania’s Post Communism Accounting Practices and The Effects of Adapting IFRSRead MoreHitler s Role During The Holocaust Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pages Since Jews had been prohibited from joining any artisan guilds during the Feudal period, they were prone to supporting liberal politicians during the late nineteenth century, who condemned the guild discrimination. As industrialization and globalization began to occur in Germany, Jews saw the opportunity to spread into the more modern sectors of the economies. The modernization created a rub between the dwindling old artisan guilds and the new Jewish maintained sectors. Therefore, in times ofRead MoreThe Association Of Southeast Asian Nations1294 Words   |  6 PagesASEAN member states devised the â€Å"ASEAN Way† as an approach to dispute settlement and regional cooperation with the aim to keep peace and stability within the region (Acharya, 1997). Moreover, it serves as the guiding principle of ASEAN diplomacy in challenges of nation to nation territorial disputes, political conflicts and external intervention. The â€Å"ASEAN Way† relies on fostering harmony of c onfidence and trust among member states instead of having a strict adherence to structures and styles (ChiaRead MoreGlobalization and International Trade Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesI - Introduction Globalization, over time, has acquired an important role in domestic as well as international economy. With the rise of new developing economies and increase in international trade, the volume of trade and the complexity of markets have increased significantly. Remarkable reduction in trade barriers, free movement of capital and goods, wider choice of preference for Permanent Establishment , technological advancements in field of communication, increased awareness about legal aspectsRead MoreAmazon and eBay : The New Face of Web Services1391 Words   |  6 Pagesor organization as an individual or business. Use Web serving by any organization that wants to grow and support in the market place is the best tool. This is because the growing and development of technology, communication and the growth of globalization to make use of web business growing well. Therefore, when any organization to apply the use of web services, they automatically add business value, because now, all the benefits that brings in their line of work will be helpful to the company in

Analysis of Caroline West’s Article, Words That Silence...

In this paper I will analyze the arguments presented in Caroline West’s article, â€Å"Words That Silence? Freedom of Express and Racist Hate Speech.† Here West probes what is meant by free speech and in so doing, identifies three dimensions of speech from which the value of free speech derives. These are production and distribution, comprehension, and consideration. Her major premise is that absent requirements of comprehension or consideration, free speech lacks the value it is generally accorded. West argues that allowing the production and distribution of racist hate speech has a silencing effect on, not only the production and distribution of speech by racial minorities, but the comprehension and consideration of their speech as well. She concludes that this silencing may have a net effect of diminishing free speech. The first dimension of speech that West identifies is perhaps also the most basic part of what is comprehended in the term ‘free speechâ€℠¢: the production and distribution of words. West suggests several ways in which the free distribution of racist hate speech can deprive its targets of the ability to do the same. There is the threat implicit in racist hate speech due to the history of racially motivated violence, the physiological ‘speechlessness’ that can take hold in the aftermath of a fear response such as a hate speech may provoke, and the damage to self-esteem which may prevent the targets of racial hate speech from feeling themselves to have any

Man Overcoming Great Obstacles Essay - 908 Words

Some believe to live is to suffer, and in Hemingway’s â€Å"The Old Man And The Sea† this philosophy is dealt with and viewed in many situations. In this poignant short novel Ernest Hemingway beautifully illustrates the trials and tribulations of everyday man, through Santiago’s struggle at sea. The old man’s adventure with the marlin is one of loss, pride, and achievement all combined into one emotional fight for life itself. Hemingway’s use of allegory in â€Å"The Old Man And The Sea† establishes many deeper aspects that man struggles with in everyday life. The numerous hardships and battles Santiago encounters on the sea can be viewed as conflicts man is forced to deal with in his lifetime. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A use of symbolism†¦show more content†¦This represents the fact that in life one must move on and put great effort into tasks that are seemingly impossible when done independently. The absence of Manolin places emphasis on dealing with struggle when man has little to fight with. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As Hemingway uses other figures to establish struggle, he also utilizes Santiago’s inner thoughts as symbolism. In amidst the battle at sea with the old man and the marlin he has a great revelation. This excerpt is Santiago’s opinion on his battle with the fish â€Å"But he seems calm, he thought, and following his plan. But what is his plan, he thought. And what is mine? Mine I must improvise because of his great size. If he will jump I can kill him. But he stays down forever. Then I will stay down with him forever.†2. This quote is an excellent summation of one of the main ideals of â€Å"The Old Man And The Sea†. Through allegory Hemingway establishes the fact that life is unpredictable. Santiago cannot predict the marlin’s actions; therefore he considers possible scenarios and his reactions to them. This is similar to how in life one cannot truly know the actions of other people, but one only knows his own actions. This quote also shows how in life a person receives both the good and the bad. In one scenario the fish would jump and be caught, but in another the fish would stay down forever as would the old man â€Å"The Old Man And The Sea†Show MoreRelated Characteristics of a Hero Essay533 Words   |  3 Pagesalways about your popularity or talent it can also be about how you help society. What I think make a great hero is someone who is able to overcome his or her obstacles in life, is highly motivated, and has plenty of bravery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overcoming obstacles may be one of the hardest parts of being a hero. I think it’s the hardest because a lot of people are blocked from doing something and just quit. A great example of this trait is Jackie Robinson. He was discriminated against because he was African-AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story A Worn Path By Eudora Welty1345 Words   |  6 PagesYoung Soul in an Old Spirit In the story of Phoenix Jackson, an old woman whose great courage on and overcoming great obstacles is brought to life in the short story from â€Å"A Worn Path† written by Eudora Welty. Now some of Phoenix’s most compelling evidence of perseverance comes from the path she has chosen to take and having the willpower to never give. Old age is not always the end of the road, but the journey it takes to get to that age is worth living for. The everyday struggle of an elder personRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story A Worn Path By Eudora Welty1357 Words   |  6 PagesYoung Soul in an Old Spirit In the story of Phoenix Jackson, an old woman whose great courage on and overcoming great obstacles is brought to life in the short story from â€Å"A Worn Path† written by Eudora Welty. Now some of Phoenix’s most compelling evidence of perseverance comes from the path she has chosen to take and having the willpower to never give. Old age is not always the end of the road, but the journey it takes to get to that age is worth living for. The everyday struggle of an elderRead MoreAchieving a Goal in In The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway820 Words   |  4 Pages When one is extremely dedicated, he might be more likely to achieve his goals. Santiago remains devoted to catching fish, which helps him to reach his aspirations. In The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, Santiago shows dedication to overcoming his struggle with fish through the pain he suffers, the long journey taken, and the time without fish. Being dedicated to achieving one’s dreams, despite excessive amounts of pain suffered, can help to ensure success. Santiago experiencesRead More Franz Kafka Essay669 Words   |  3 Pageshis parable Before the Law, Franz Kafka suggests that obstacles that one faces in life can either be used to mold one’s success or bring about one’s failure. If one can overcome challenges that they face they grow in a unique type of way, for every individual perceives each situation in a distinct fashion. That unique type of growth is what establishes a person’s character and perception of the world. However if one cannot overcome their obstacles, then they cut of their means for growth and are leftRead MoreThe Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman1596 Words   |  6 Pagesor not you face obstacles, but by your reaction to them. And if you look at these obstacles as a containing fence, they become your excuse for failure. If you look at them as a hurdle, each one strengthe ns you for the next† -Ben Carson. In The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, a series of obstacles involving slavery and the search for freedom continually affects Jane Pittman and those around her. Every character within the novel has their own unique way of facing these obstacles, but none of themRead MoreThe Blind Side By Michael Oher1023 Words   |  5 Pageswith what happens and what you’ve been given (The Obstacle). Many examples from real life may exemplify the preceding quote, but few do it in larger-than-life terms than the larger-than-life Michael Oher. Where he came from was, in many ways, a living nightmare. But as the biographical film The Blind Side clearly illustrates, Michael Oher did a lot with what happens, doing so with the help of a surrogate family who refused to let the young man s early life dictate his future. Directed by JohnRead MoreEssay On The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1217 Words   |  5 Pageslife. This dream is obviously still a dream today with the oppression, racism, and many obstacles standing in the way of success. However the US has made progress in recent years. In the 1920s, there was an incredible amount of obstacles in the way of success. One of the biggest being that if one was not a White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP), it was extremely hard for them to reach their goals of success. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald beautifully illustrates this concept with his main characterRead MoreOvercoming Obstacles Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesOvercoming Obstacles What is life? Life consists of experiences, challenges, and achievements; all of which are building blocks that essentially create ones path to success. In one’s lifetime they can experience tough and difficult challenges. Sometimes these challenges become unbearable, especially when the odds are against you. However, going against all odds is something everyone is capable of doing, and to overcome these challenges everyone needs to have a â€Å"never quit† attitude in life.Read MoreSummary and Analysis of Ulysses1278 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and fashioned after the god Ulysses of Homers ancient Greek poem), on the other hand, it seems to be a gloomy prospect of death and the need to accept ones mortality. Yet even death itself is dominated by the powerful image of the self-reliant man. Optimism and confidence shines through, as Helstrom (1972) points out, right to the very end when the author exclaims: Something ere the end.. may yet be done (p.96). Old though he may be and sighting the end, the resilient sailor still hopes to

The Nicomachean Ethics By Aristotle - 874 Words

The Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle â€Å"EVERY art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim† (Ross, n.d.). Aristotle believed that both external (wealth, material possessions) and internal (temperance, courage, etc.) contributed to a person’s happiness and that a person’s final goal was to find the â€Å"good† or their function in life. He also believed that the pursuit of the final goal led to certain actions and pursuits and that the cumulative sum of these actions over a lifespan would determine a person’s morality. In other words, a person may spend his or her whole life committing moral acts, such as giving to charity and saving lives but may act out of character and commit one immoral act such as theft. Since his or her life was spent mostly committing moral acts, that one immoral action does not make him or her immoral and therefor he or she should not be judged by that one aberration. The Nicomachean Ethics viewpoint brings to mind my life as a child. Growing up in a poor neighborhood, people believed that they key to happiness was wealth and/or material possessions. Some of us strove to obtain our goals through hard work and dedication while others became frustrated or disheartened and believed that the only way to obtain their goals was through illegal means such as selling illegal substances. Their â€Å"goal† was good and aimedShow MoreRelatedAristotle Of Aristotle : Nicomachean Ethics1487 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle: Nicomachean Ethics Happiness: it’s something we humans search far and wide for, to attain before we are called home at death. We go through our daily lives, making choices, commitments, changes, decisions. We set goals for ourselves, push ourselves, hurt ourselves, inspire ourselves, lose ourselves, find ourselves†¦but why? Whether it is a conscious effort or not, no matter who you are or where you find yourself at this very moment, there is one ultimately satisfying hope that brings usRead MoreAristotle and Nicomachean Ethics1382 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle provides the teleological approach of how to live well in his collection of lectures, Nicomachean Ethics. In Book II of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle presents his definition of virtue in which it is a kind of mean (N.E. 129). According to Aristotle, moral virtue is a means to an end, happiness. By using Sophocless Antigone, I will support Aristotles theory of virtue in which he reasons it to be a state of character between two extr emes. A virtue that remains relevant today as it didRead MoreEssay Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle1464 Words   |  6 Pages An Exposition of Aristotelian Virtues In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle explores virtues as necessary conditions for being happy. A virtuous person is a person with a disposition toward virtuous actions and who derives pleasure from behaving virtuously. Aristotle distinguishes between two types of human virtue: virtues of thought and virtues of character. Virtues of thought are acquired through learning and include virtues like wisdom and prudence; virtues of character include bravery andRead MoreAristotle s Symposium : The Nicomachean Ethics1934 Words   |  8 Pages720532457 The Symposium verses The Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (Ethics) is regarded as one of the, if not the greatest work concerning ethics in history. The word ethics derives from the Greek word ethos, which translates more properly as â€Å"character†, and it would seem that Aristotle’s concern in The Ethics, is what constitutes good character, and that goodness is of practical use; that merely knowing how to be a way is only half of what’s necessary, and that the known mustRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Nicomachean Ethics By Aristotle1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book Nicomachean Ethics, by Aristotle, Aristotle describes various way of living one’s life, the ultimate goal in life, and how to achieve happiness and live the best life. Aristotle describes three different kinds of lives in Nicomachean Ethics. These three lives consists of the life of honor, the life of pleasure, and the life of study. Aristotle, from the first book, insists that the life of study or contempla tion is considered to be the best life. He argues that self-sufficiency is requiredRead MoreComparing Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics 2500 Words   |  10 Pages According to Aristotle, friendship shares the same qualities of a proper self-love. In Aristotle’s†Nicomachean Ethics† (book 9), he asks us, if there is such a thing as friendship with oneself. He states that people who are good friends to others tend to be comfortable with themselves, therefore, they do not mind being alone because they have a clear conscience. However, Aristotle also says, that people who are not comfortable with themselves, tendRead MoreAristotle s Nicomachean Ethics : Friendship1744 Words   |  7 Pagesit is useful to them in their time of need or a friendship that gives the person both pleasure and usefulness. A person may have these types of friendships with different people. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, brings up what the best kind of friendship is. A long-lasting friendship is the best kind (Aristotle 221). This is an important concept when it comes living a good and ethical life. It is not only important to kno w why some friendships do not last long, but it may also help a person figureRead MoreAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Nicomachean Ethics 871 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to be a person of practical wisdom one should possess good moral reasoning and good inclinations. Aristotle first introduces these concepts in his book The Nicomachean Ethics, but he does not mention a really important virtue, the virtue of forgiveness. If mastered correctly, forgiveness can lead a person to acquire additional, and equally important good habits. That is why, in order to recognize the importance of this virtue, it is necessary to make a deep expository analysis. By definitionRead MoreThe Moral Life Of Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics1345 Words   |  6 PagesIn the second book of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle talks about the virtues that are needed to live a moral life. He explains what a good life consists of and the proper development and management of the elements within a man. This reading covers everything from how to acquire a virtue, to the differences and meaning behind pleasure and pain. In the first chapter, Aristotle divides virtue into two separate meanings. The first one is virtue of thought, which requires you to learnRead MoreUnderstanding Aristotle ´s Nicomachean Ethics Essay715 Words   |  3 Pageswas the one I would have to answer, because it was the one I wasnt sure I could. I felt the prompt would allow me the opportunity to directly illustrate the person that I am. However, my current knowlege and interpretation of Aristotles â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics† has made the task reprehensibly difficult. I found myself wandering through a mind-numbingly agonizing process to properly address the prompt. This process consisted of working through two separate paths that addressed the topic. Though,

Whether the Burgess land use model is still relevant in the modern day Free Essays

Urban land use models are designed to help us understand how towns develop. Although towns and cities have no exact match, the models are designed to show that every urban area has its similarities. Since models rarely take into account things like hills and rivers, there are no guarantees that the model will be completely accurate. We will write a custom essay sample on Whether the Burgess land use model is still relevant in the modern day or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am using the Burgess model because it was one of the most successful land use models- it may well be similarly successful in the modern town. A man called E.W Burgess designed an Urban Land use model, naming it after himself. It was designed in his home country of America, in the city of Chicago. This is what he designed: Burgess’ theory was that people competed for limited amounts of space. Only people who that the zones were arranged concentrically, different in age and character. Burgess believed that the housing became newer, and the residents became wealthier, the further they got from the CBD. The people who could afford the best land got it, people like businessmen. The poorest groups were left with the worst locations. Burgess believed that different zones of the city had different functions. These are the sections of the city that he identified: * Central business district – contains the major shops and offices, and is the centre for commerce, entertainment and transport. * Wholesale light industry- This is where the oldest housing in the city is. Such housing is usually deteriorating into slum property. Some areas are also being taken over by light industry. The locals tend to be immigrants or poorer social groups. * Low class residential- Inhabited by people who have managed to escape from the previous zone. They work in nearby factories, and have no choice but to live there so they can get to work quickly and cheaply. * Medium class residential- The housing is of a better quality, and is mostly semi detached and council estates. * High class residential- Occupied by people who can afford the most expensive properties and the high cost of properties, and the high cost of commuting. This zone also includes the commuter villages beyond the edge of the city, although there were few in Burgess’ time. The Burgess model is also linked to the bid-rent model. The amount of money different land users are willing to pay for the land depends on their location- the CBD has the most expensive rents. It is the most accessible area as most transport services are focused on the city centre, and main roads meet here. The more accessible a location, then the easier it is to get there. Therefore, people prefer to have work locations that people can access easily, and are also prepared to pay more for them. The Burgess Model also ignores the fact that nearly all towns are affected by physical features such as rivers, lakes and hills. It also ignores heavy industries, and housing redevelopment. Also, in 1924, there was not so much dependence on transport as there is today. Other weaknesses in the model include the criticism that in reality, zones do not just end, and the next one begins. Zones overflow, and the model is designed for highly developed cities such as Chicago, and not 3rd world cities that you might find in Ethiopia and Sudan. Therefore, the model is not universally correct. Hypothesis 1. Land use changes with increasing distance from the centre of Blaydon. This statement fits in with the Burgess model, as Burgess claimed that the land near the CBD will be densely populated and tightly fitted, whilst the land further out of town will have more room for things like gardens. Houses will be terraced near the town centre, and semi detatched on the outskirts. This statement fits in with Burgess’ Bid Rent Model, as he claimed that land in the centre of the town was more useful and therefore expensive, so less people would be able to afford big gardens. This hypothesis should be true, because in reality most towns grow from the centre, and will therefore have many buildings squashed into a small section of land near the middle, but towards the countryside there is more free space Hypothesis 2. Housing age will become younger with increasing distance from the centre of Blaydon. This theory fits into the burgess model because the further you are from the city centre the younger the houses will be because the growth of cities are from the CBD so the houses on the outskirts will be the youngest. The CBD was built first in the beginning of the development of Blaydon. This means that houses will be built after the early developments. This process will continue until there is no land to build on. This theory means that houses will be younger as you progress further form the CBD. The hypothesis should be true because the Burgess model claims city growth occurred in the CBD first then grew outwards form there. Hypothesis 3 The quality of life will improve with increasing distance from the CBD of Blaydon. This theory also fits into the burgess model because as you get further away from the CBD the environment qualities should increase and also better housing materials will be available. Hypothesis 2 links with this hypothesis because as the houses become younger, they will become more modern and better building methods will be being used. Quality of life will increase due to the steady increase of size in houses as you progress further from the CBD. Bigger houses mean more money and better quality of life. For example, big gardens and garages accompanied with driveways. In my view this is a better quality of life compared to terraced houses with no gardens. This hypothesis should be true because the house age will decrease and quality of life will increase as you move further form the CBD. Also the environment won’t be as bad because the roads and air will be less congested. How to cite Whether the Burgess land use model is still relevant in the modern day, Papers

Organizational Culture free essay sample

The common perception held by the members of the organization is called the organizational culture and it basically depicts a system of shared meaning. There are seven characteristics evolved around organizational culture which are, innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness and stability. Some organizations wear uniform cultures such as dominant cultures where a set of core values shared by the members of the organization. There can be subcultures within depending on the department designations, geographical separation and primarily the core values are accepted throughout the organization. Cultures draw the boundary line between organizations which give each of them the unique characteristic of running the business. Members of the organization receive an identity for themselves by having a specific organizational culture as well as it increases the social stability while providing a control mechanism to fit the employees within. Sometimes a culture can be liability due to many reasonable factors. Organisational culture recognises an organisation as a social system and thus where an organisation does not have a formal culture it cannot be interpreted that there is no organisational culture at all(3). Culture is seen as largest controlling system as not only does it affect the overall organisational behaviour, but also the covert behaviour (4). The fact is that the organisational culture actually has a visible side and an invisible side. The surface is made up of artefacts, languages, symbols which can be correlated to give an overview on what the organisation formally wants to disclose as its culture. The invisible side, on the other hand is based on basic values, deep beliefs, values and norms. Thus even where it looks like a group does not have any defined code of conduct, they are subconsciously following the culture derived from the invisible layer which has a pervasive influence over their behaviour and actions. (5). Schein suggests something similar when he says that an organisation’s culture is in fact made up of three levels which consist of the artefacts and creations(the Physical level) , the values and the basic underlying assumptions (which make up the invisible organic side of organisational culture) (6). But finding a hierarchy for different elements that go into building an organisations culture is not a good way to interpret culture because for organisational culture there is no one element which supersedes the other. All the elements work together at the same time to give an organisation its cultural identity. The cultural web presented by Jhonson, Scholes and Whittington (7)suggest how both physical indicators such as the organisation and power structures are as significant as the legends and stories of the organisation and its founders when it comes to defining the organisational paradigm. So it becomes clear that an organisation’s culture is much deeper and extends beyond the physical space, the formal code of conduct and the overt group behaviour. The common values, beliefs and attitude of the members of an organisation define what kind of people an organisation will attract and Chatman Cha, in defining the three main criteria for developing a suitable organisational culture, give more weightage to a better cultural fit even if it comes at the expense of overlooking some technical skills while carrying on the recruitment and selection process during staffing (8). This cultural matching of ideas and beliefs between an organisation and its members is critical for the achievement of organisational goals as the culture influences every part of an organisation’s existence right from the processes of structural design, decision making, group behaviour to motivation and control. Thus the culture of an organisation has an influence and to an extent acts as a driver for everyone who forms a part of an organisation whether it is at an individual level or a group level. This view is supported by Harrison and Stokes when they say that â€Å"Culture impacts most aspects of organizational life, such as how decisions are made, who makes them, how rewards are distributed, who is promoted, how people are treated, how the organization responds to its environment, and so on†(9) In fact, these assumptions, beliefs, norms and values which are shared by the organisation’s members that can significantly affect strategy formulation and implementation. Organisational cultural is in every sense just that, a culture. So not only does it act as an internal binding force which keeps the organisation together and in harmony, but it also defines how an individual should present himself and his organisation when he represents it. For example Price Waterhouse Coopers takes pride in the ever increasing diversity of its workforce and works to instil the idea of flexible but diligent working. This ideology could be considered as values forming part of PWC’s organisational culture. So whenever an employee comes in touch with a client these values will be automatically be reflected in his conduct and the outside world will reflect on the value system of the company based on its culture. This is the point where the organisational culture comes in touch with the national culture. The organisation’s culture is enveloped in the national culture. In fact the national culture is a very important factor in shaping the organisations culture along with other factors such as personality of the founder. National cultural values are learned early, held deeply and change slowly over the course of generations. Thus organisations belonging to the same country are based on a similar set of values and tend to have identical cultures except in cases of countries like India where huge regional cultural differences exist. But the fact that organisational culture is deeply influenced by national culture does not make them the same thing. The research of Geert Hofstede has shown that cultural differences between nations are found on the deepest level; i.e. on the level of values. In comparison, cultural differences among organisations are especially identified on the level of practices. Practices are more tangible than values. And this is explained by Hofstede’s â€Å"Cultural Onion† where the values core does not change and even when something seems outdated it can still play a role in influencing culture. The other 3 layers can learned through training and practice and it is through these layers that an organisation develops its culture.

The Best Suited Leadership Style for Pepsi Sample for Students

Question: Critically Evaluate the Most Important Leadership skills and Competencies. Answer: Introduction The case study present that director, Jorge Rubio wants to change the structure of Pepsi to a flexible organizational structure. There are various leadership models and styles that Pepsi can consider (Pears Shields, 2013). Few of these leadership includes transformational leadership, charismatic leadership, servant leadership etc. The objective of this report is to discuss the case study and discuss the best suited leadership style for Pepsi. The paper would also discuss the skills and competencies required by Pepsi. The shift to new organizational structure would not be easy and there would certain challenges. One of the key challenges for Pepsi would be change management challenges. The paper would also discuss the various issues that the management of Pepsi should consider. Based on these issues, the paper would discuss some of the recommendations for Pepsi. It is important to mention that change should be manage in an effective manner (Roe,2014). The focus on transformational le adership and servant leadership would enable Pepsi to achieve its goals and objectives. The case study presents that the current office of PepsiCo, Mexico lacks standardization. The future or the targeted stage of PepsiCo requires that the employees should be more independent in their working. Analysis: Modern theories of leaders The key theories of leadership for this case scenario can be discussed as: Transformational leadership style (Need to add more references and depth required) A transformational leadership style includes the focus on vision and transformation from the current state to future state to achieve the mission and vision. While other types of leadership, particularly transformational leadership, can help others succeed and grow, it is only in servant leadership that the leaders primary focus is the followers (Riggio Reichard, 2008). In the business world, transformational leadership is a model in which the goal of the leader is to inspire and transform the business into a successful enterprise by inspiring people around the leader (Bjugstad Thach, 2006). The transformational leader is ethical, morale, and acts in the best interest of his environment, business and coworkers. These principles can be found on other cultures and religions and can be applied to the business world (Boies Fiset, 2015). In an organizational setting, a transformational leader is one who can visualize the end objectives of the organization. It is critical that the leader should have the ability to communicate the long term vision of the organization to different stakeholders (Schreyogg, G. and Sydow, 2010). The focus of transformational leadership is to transform the existing state of organization. Therefore, it can be said that change management is a critical part of transformational leadership. Often leaders will find it difficult to manage the change in the organization. However, transformational leadership will start the change process by communicating the drivers of change to all the employees. It ensures that all the people are united on the change front (Avalio Walumba, 2009). Transformational leadership would generally have a plan in place to manage the short term and long term objectives of firms. Transformational leadership also have the ability to motivate people and inspire them to achiev e desired goals and objectives. Servant Charismatic leadership (Need to add more references and depth required) Servant Leadership is a style of leadership that depends on interpersonal abilities plus authentic and or trained supportive behaviours to lead others to become followers (Day Antonakis, 2012). For example, individuals will come in droves due to their leaders ability to engage with them with compassion, empathy, respect and so forth. Additionally, Greenleafs assertions are central to this model, thus servant leadership successful development. These core elements for servant leadership development are as following; awareness, empathy, commitment (development), community (building and development), conceptualization, foresight, healing, listening, persuasion, and stewardship, (Northouse, P. G., 2015 p. 227). This servant leadership model is very complex but very effective if engaged in every level. On that note, there are supportive behaviors for any given scenario, that allow servant leadership to overcome mild to difficult situations in any environment. Lastly, all individuals have needs due to this imperfect world pulling them in all different directions whether at home or work, which calls for authentic leaders that have a vocation more than those that are trained to be leaders (Daft, 2011). Based on above discussion it can be said that PepsiCo must focus to have servant leaders in place. Servant leadership can be considered a long term transformational approach to both life and work (Daft Marcic, 2012). Because servant leadership is a commitment in both life and work, this model can be considered a vocation. Not everyone will have the desire or drive to become a servant leader. A servant leader connects with their staff and fosters a sense of a team approach. Listening and communication build trust. The servant leaders are followers fist. The servant leaders want to lead by example. This style of leadership places efficiencies on developing commitment levels from others by authentic motivation (Avalio Walumba, 2009). Overall, a model servant leader can be viewed as authentic, humble, listener, kind, and so forth. As mentioned they are more concern with others than themselves. A servant leader is one who is able to generate the trust and respect among different stakeholders. In fact, trust and respect are two critical traits of servant leaders. Generally, servant leaders have a different aura in them that helps them to have healthy relationship with employees (Liden, Wayne, Liao Meuser, 2014). The servant leaders have a charismatic personality that helps them to create good impressions in the minds of followers. Skills and Competencies of leaders To perform management functions and assume multiple roles, managers must be skilled. Robert Katz identified three managerial skills essential to successful management: technical, human, and conceptual (Trevis Certo, 2014). These skills can be briefly explained as: Technical: It includes the focus on process and technology or knowledge of business and industry knowledge (Zaleznik, 1992). Human: It means the capabilities to manage the people (Vroom Jago, 2007). Conceptual: Top level managers need conceptual skills that let them view the organization. The specific skills under this include the ability of planning and organizing (Shamir, 1999). The two key skills that PepsiCo must focus on would be human and conceptual. The conceptual model demands that organizations should focus on building leaders and not managers. There are remarkable differences between being a leader and being a manager. In the Bible, Peter, the apostle gave a good description of a leader when it is written, feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, not by constraint but willinglyby being ensamples to the flock. The four functions of management were initially articulated by Fayol in 1916 (Northouse, 2016). He identified them as planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling. In more recent publications, the staffing function is more commonly referred to as leading. In the article 4 Differences between managers and readers, Plucknette suggests differences between being a leader and a manger includes characteristics on how a leader and a manager interact. Motive and drive production (Plucknette, 2014). I do think it is bot h possible and desirable to be a leader and a manger. I agree with what Plucknette says about how a manger/leader has expectation for their employees while also modeling behaviors he expects to see which can result in eliminating employees not performing (Plucknette, pg. 18). While being a leader/manger may not be desirable to all, which is why it is rare to have such a leader of people (Plucknette, 2014). The focus on human needs for PepsiCo would mean the focus on human or employee needs. When people consider that servant leadership is based on values and virtues, it is easy to see from there how servant leadership can be viewed as a vocation, as many who live values-based lifestyles see their lifestyles as a calling he is primus inter pares from Latin, meaning "first among equals." The servant leader sees those he leads as peers to teach as well as to learn from; they are willing to lead others to reach an agreed upon goal, but he doesn't believe that being the leader makes him better than others (Bennis, 2007). Virtue-based servant leadership is intended to stem from an individuals world-view and how they live their life in general, if they do not believe the concepts and live the principles, then they are not truly practicing servant leadership. The ultimate question for PepsiCp is why should one practice servant leadership? The values of servant leadership lean heavily toward human consideration and morality (Whetstone, 2005). Without having a sound, unified worldview that justifies use of servant leadership; one falls prey to the reality that, ultimately, the reason is either utilitarian/pragmatic or situational. (Wallace, 2007) If a leader views people merely as a means to an end, and utilizes aspects of servant leadership simply because they believe it will gain them some personal advantage by causing people to work harder to achieve a goal, then the basis of the theory itself is being undermined. A situation of this nature could very easily unravel as those in the followership position may react negatively if/when any disingenuous motivations/sentiments are discovered. It can leave followers with a myriad of negative emotional and psychological consequences (Schreyogg Sydow, 2010). If we take a purely situational appro ach, stating servant leadership can only work in certain settings and contexts, we again undermine some of the key values described in the theory. In the situational approach, humans are only to be valued if their culture or personal beliefs align with the theory. Pragmatism and situational ethics both fail as reasons for practicing servant leadership. (Wallace, 2007) For the situational leader, servant leadership may be viewed as a tactic or a tool, but they need to tread lightly, as mistaking servant leadership for a means of manipulation could be a very detrimental error (Zaccaro, 2007). Other issues to consider Leadership takes the ability to guide and influence others. Important characteristics of an effective leader are sharp perception skills, responsiveness to others needs, organizational skills, good communicator, the ability to motivate your team, and be good at setting goals (Northouse, 2016). This can be challenging for most; therefore leadership isnt for everyone. It takes a special talent. Servant leadership in my opinion being a servant leader is a mind state. Its ones philosophical beliefs based on their ideology as leader. Both can parallel based on the leaders personality traits (Northouse, 2016). A servant leader will lead by example. In order for an effective servant leader to maintain a certain level of respect from their subordinates, you must be fair and equitable. Being a servant leader takes keen skills that are unique in nature. It can be challenging, but it's well worth it when your team is happy with you as a leader (Northouse, 2016). Servant leadership is driven by a genuine desire to provide good and fair leadership. In order to do so, one must be honest and trustworthy (Northouse, 2016). One of the key issues for PepsiCo would be change management issue. Conclusion The above paper discusses the case study of PepsiCo. With the above discussion, it can be said that servant leadership is the most important leadership style for the organization. A leader will knowingly or subconsciously, use a style of leadership to lead a team of people but it is imperative to take note of the various leadership styles and adopt one that can help him/ her to operate efficiently (Bass, 1990). Servant leaders selflessly strives to meet the needs of those they are serving. The leader believes in increased moral courage to help others (Caproni, 2012). A vocation/calling is a persons life purpose on earth. A servant leader believes that it is his/her calling to treat others with dignity. They do not let their positional ego influence their behavior, but their ultimate focus is to serve others. References Avolio, B.J., Walumba, f.O. and Weber, T.J. (2009) Leadership: Current Theories, research, and Future Directions, Annual review of Psychology, 60, pp. 421-449. Bass, B. M. (1990) 'From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: learning to share the vision', Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), Winter, pp. 19-31. Bennis, W. (2007) 'The Challenges of Leadership in the Modern World', American Psychologist, 62(1), pp. 2-5. Bjugstad, K., Thach, E. C., Thompson, K. J. and Morris, A. 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